As winter approaches, livestock producers need to plan carefully to meet the nutritional needs of their animals during colder months. Forage availability often declines in winter, and animals require more energy to maintain body temperature. Good planning helps maintain animal health, prevent weight loss, and avoid unnecessary feed costs. Evaluating feed supplies early allows producers to adjust rations, secure additional feed if needed, and reduce stress on both animals and managers during harsh weather.

Forage is the foundation of most winter feeding programs, and hay quality can vary widely depending on harvest timing, weather conditions, and storage. Many winter feeding challenges can be traced back to low-quality hay that does not meet the nutritional needs of livestock. Animals in late gestation, lactation, or growth stages are especially vulnerable to inadequate forage quality and may require supplementation if hay alone does not meet their needs.

Hay testing is one of the most effective tools producers can use to make informed feeding decisions. A hay test provides key information such as crude protein, energy, fiber, and mineral content, allowing producers to match forage quality with livestock requirements. In Clay County, hay testing is available through the Clay County Extension Office. Producers can reach out to have a representative hay sample taken. Extension staff can also provide guidance on proper sampling techniques, including using a hay probe and collecting samples from multiple bales to ensure accurate results. Once results are returned, Extension can help interpret the report and offer recommendations for supplementation if needed.

Energy requirements increase during winter as animals use more calories to maintain body heat. Cold, wet, and windy conditions further raise energy needs. Providing adequate energy through good-quality hay, baleage, silage, or grain supplements helps livestock maintain body condition and immune function. Animals that lose excessive condition during winter are more susceptible to disease and often have poorer reproductive performance.

Protein is another important consideration, especially when feeding mature or weathered hay. Adequate protein supports rumen function and allows animals to better utilize forage. When hay protein levels are low, protein supplements such as blocks or tubs may be necessary to maintain intake and performance.

Minerals and vitamins remain essential throughout the winter months. Livestock should have access to a balanced, species-appropriate mineral supplement, with attention to calcium, phosphorus, salt, and trace minerals. Vitamin A is particularly important when animals rely on stored forages, as levels decline during hay storage. Providing minerals free-choice in a dry, accessible location encourages consistent intake.

Water availability is just as critical as feed during winter. Adequate water intake is necessary for proper digestion and feed utilization. Frozen water sources or poorly functioning systems can reduce intake and negatively affect performance. Regularly checking waterers and managing ice buildup helps support overall animal health.

By planning ahead, producers can develop effective winter feeding programs that meet livestock nutritional needs while managing costs. Thoughtful preparation helps maintain animal condition through winter and sets the stage for strong performance heading into spring.